Engine



H. .PARRISH.

ENGINE.-

APPLXCA'IION FILED APR. I0. 1919.

Patented Oct. 21, 1919.

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IN V EN TOR ATTORNEY I UNITED sir-Apps PATENT oFF ou HALE wmannrsn, or omcneo, rumors, nssmnon'or ONE-HALF 'ro Emmy in.

OF S'I'UB GES, MICHIGAN ENGINE.

To all'whom may noncea'n: p

Be it known that 1, Hana W'. PARRISH, citizen of the United. States, "residing at Chicago, Illinois, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Engines; and I do hereby declare the following to be a .full, clear, and exact description of the invention such as will enable others skilled in J ularl of the hottest parts the art to which'it appertains to make and use the sauna.

My 1nvont1on relates to internal combustion engines, its general objeets bein to improve the efliciency, uniformity o torque fand lubrication of the engine; to in cylinders of a iven displacement; to secure crease the output obtainable from engine on effective coo ing of the engine and partdic t ereo:f,land esirab y to do this without employing waterja'ckets or other constructions involving complicated castings; to utilize the heat imparted to the iston and cylinder during theoperation of t e internal. combustion engine for prodhcing additional energy d to apply thisenergy through the samie piiston for mere-using both the output and the -uni- .formity of torque of the engine; to utilize heat stored in the engine for steadying the torque of the engine in case the charge misses fire; to secure more effective coohng by vaporizing the cooling liquidand thereby u'tilizin. the greater heat absorption required or such vaporizing; to control the vaporizable liquid automatically in accordance with some operative oonditiono'f the engine, such as its speed; to provide simple means :for mcreasmg the effectlve use of the va or-expansion part of the engine for enab ing the latter to take care of overloads;

and in general, to provide a simple engine affording a great output of power both in roportion to the amount of fuel used and lnproportion to the piston displacement.

In my ,copending application for a U. S. patent on engines, filed April 10, 1.919 as Serial No. 289,163, I have disclosed an in; i ternal combustion engine in which I employ the heat of the piston and cylinder for vaporizing water or other liquid, and in which I utilize thepressure of the resulting vapor for urging the piston in an opposite dlrection from that in which it is moved by the e$plosionof the gases in the internal combustion part of the'engine. While this constr'uction ofiiers decided advantages over the engine constructions heretofore known in the wear.

sp u mn Patented Oct. 21, 1919. Application filean m'io, 1919. Serie1Ko.289,184.

the art, it has thofi isadvantage of being lim 1 it'ed 1n tl1e---amo1'1nt of energy obtainable from the expanded vapor, owing to the comneeded byavstuffing box; and to provide a construction permitting of larger ports for the speedy and efiectiveexhaustingof the expanded vapor, thereby reducing the wiredrawing efiect.

Furthermore, my present invention aims to employ a piston having a .s'urface of large diameter at the end to which the connecting rod is fastened, thereby reducing the tendency to tilt the piston and consequently reducing both the friction and oreover, my present. invention aims to provide simple means for employing the-vapor-expansion part of the engine to an increased extent for taking care ofoverloads, thereby affording an overload capao ity not heretofore obtainable with internal combustion engines. My present invention also aims toprovide simple means for re 1'- lating-the admission of the vaporizable i uid in an inverse ratio to the speed of the engine, and desirably for simultaneously controlling the supply of fuel for the internal combustion part of thcengine andthe supply of vaporizable liquid for thevaporexpansion part of the engine, thereby in: creasing the economy of operation. Still further ob'ects will appear from the following speci cation and from the appended drawing, which shows a longitudinal section through the cylinder and piston of afour-sti'oke cycle engine embodying-my in vention, and a somewhat diagrammatic view of other parts associated therewith.

In the engine of the drawing, I employ a.

dillerentially =:bored cylinder having a rear portion 39 equipped with puppet valves 1 and 1 (operated by any well lmown means) for controlling the admission of a gaseous mixture'frol'n the inlet 5 and the exhaust of the products of combustion through the ex haust pipe 7, the cylinder vhaying a spark plug near its rear end; The internal combustion cylinder 39 is connected at its forward end to a vapor cylinder 40 of larger bore, which larger cylinder has intermediate of its ends a series of lateral ports 18 connected by an annular chamber 19 and a pipe 13 to a condenser 23. Slidably mounted for reciprocation within the two alined cylinder portions 39 and 40 is a piston comprising a rear head 14 which fits the smaller bore is so disposed with respect to the ports 18 that it normally overruns these ports and opens them only when the piston is at the cylinder 39, and a stem 21 connecting this head to a forward head 20 which fits the larger bored cylinder 40. This larger head extreme forward end of its travel. Mounted in the wall of the cylinder 39 near the forward end of the latter is a spray nozzle 37 through which a vaporizable fluid '(such as hotwater) may be forced by a pump 29 through a pipe 28 controlled by avalve 27. The engine piston is suitably connected (as through a connecting 'rod- 22) with the crank shaft of the engine, which in turn is operatively connected to the pump 11 and through a centrifugal governor-'9 by suitable means such as are too familiar in engine practice to require illustrating.

This governor is here shown asconnected by a lever 10 and a rgd 8 to a valve 3 disposed, in the inlet pipe 5 between the carburete17'6 and the internal combustion cylinder '39,- and also through the same rod- 8 and a lever 26 to a valve 27 controlling the supply of fluid to the pump29. The parts just mentioned are so connected that an excessive speed of the governor will cause the latter to throttle both the supply of the gaseous mixture and the supply of hot water through the spray nozzle 37, This latter supply is further controlled by the driving connections to the pump, which are so arranged as to force liquid through the nozzle only during a relatively short portion of each revolution of the engine shaft, namely whilethe piston is aplproximately at the rear end of its rave In operation, the engine is operated by the pressure of the exploded mixture in the smaller bore cylinder 39, which acts on the smaller piston head 14 after the ordinary manner of internal combustion engines; in

doing which, the entire cylinder and the pistonare heated to a temperature far above the boihng point of water. In starting, the

supply of liquid maybe entirely shut olf by any suitablemeans (such as a hand valve 25) until the engine has warmed up, after which this valve is opened. Then as soon as the piston "is approximately at the rear'end of its travel, the .pump injects water in a.

fine spray through the nozzl'e'37, this nozzle being desirably of such a type as to produce afinely divided and socalled solid spray directed against the forward end of the head.

14 of the piston and the parts immediately adjacent thereto. The finely divided spray thus injected is instantly vaporized b the heat of the piston and cylinder, thus lling the'cntire spacebetween the two pistons with steam, and this steam acts differentially on the opposed faces of the two piston heads.

Consequently, owing to the differences in diameters of the two'piston heads, I obtain an effective forward pressure exerted between the outer portion of the larger piston head and the annular shoulder connecting the two bores of the cylinder. This pressure urges the piston forwardly during the forward stroke in which a fresh supply of the gaseous mixture is admitted to the smaller.

bore 39, thus utilizing some of the heat of the engine parts in adding to the power of the engine, and also somewhat coolingthe piston and cylinder during the expanding of the steam while thus performing useful work.

Assoon as the rear end of the larger piS- ton head clears the ports 18, the expanded steam issues through these ports and the annular chamber 19 into the condenser'23 where it is condensed, thus producing a partial vacuum within the larger bore 40, Owing to this partial vacuum, the pressure of the outer air thenurges the piston upon its next rearward stroke, so that I secure both a forward thrust by expansively utilizing the steam, and a subsequent rearward thrust through the partial vacuum produced by the condensation of the steam.

In normal operation, I .desirably inject water only at the end of every alternate rearward movement of the piston, so that the actuating effect of the steam will alternate -with the actuating effect of the gaseous explosion, in the four-stroke engine, thus greatly steadying the torque of the engine. However, by also admitting the spray of liquid at the end of the intermediate rearward strokes, I can utilize still more of the heat in the steam chamber of my engine, thus afl'ording additional energy for takin care of overloads on the engine, even thong this may 'cool the engine parts .to an extent which would not be desirable forthe ec'onomical operation of the internal combustion part of the engine.

To provide for such overload capacity, I

arrange suitable means under control of the operator, whereby the injection of the liquid may be made either with every reciprocation of the engine, or only with the alternate reciprocations of the same. For example, I may actuate the plunger 31 of the pump by either a singlecam 32,.or a pair of opposed cams 33 and 34, all of which cams are mounted on-a cam shaft 35 which rotates at half the speed of the engine shaft, this cam shaft being arranged; so that it can he slid longitudinally by means of a lever 36 to either the said single cam or the said,

pairof opposed cams into operative relation to the, plunger of the pump. Normally, the

cam shaft is initlie position of the drawing,

so that the single cam 31 actuates the pluni with the plunger of the pump, the latter will "be actuated during every reciprocation of thecam shaft 35 over so as bring the pair of opposed cams into operat ve relation the-pump. Hence the operator can increase the energy output of the engine in case of overloads by simply manipulating the le Yea-3 36. b h 1 1 suita ly ,pre eatin tie suppiy of liquid (as for example 155; taking it'from a the condenser 23), I can readily secure this at" a temperature approaching the boiling point of water, thus permitting the temperature' of the parts against which the liquid is sprayed to convert the Water into steam at a considerable pressure; and, by suitably proportioningjhe relative-sues of the two bores of the cylinder, .1 am able to use this steam expansively to a far greater extent than would be possible with the engine construction of my copcndin application. "Moreover, I entirely avoid the use of stufiing boxes, as well as the leakage commonwith the'same andthe attendance demanded, by them. So also, the larger ..-diameter of'the steam cylinder allows me to employ exhaust ports of a much larger size than would be feasible in a cylinder of the diameter corresponding to. the internal combustion Part of engine, While the large diameter of the forward head' 'and the length which I are free to give this a head make the latter form substantially cross-head for resisting any tilting strain on the part of the pitman. y

At the same time, I obtain other advantages also common tothe construction of my copending application, such as the improvement of the lubrication by the intermingling of the steam with. the same.

Moreover, since the steam is in contact with a relatively large cylinder surface, I am able to utilize a large amount of the heat of the engine cylinder, this heat being radi ally conducted by the metal. from one portion of the cylinder to the other, and able to do this without the use of water jackets or other arrangements involving complicated castings and difficulties of construction. To increase this conduction of heat, from the internal combustion portion of the engine, I desirably employ heavy cylinder walls and-also provide the smaller piston head both with rearward webs 15 for absorbing heat from the exploding mixture and with forward web's ld againsfi which some of the spray impinges.

However, the smaller bored portion of i 'the cylinder may desirably be jacketed with a suitable heat insulator, such as a packing of asbestos 12 within a sheet metal casing 11, thereby preventing outward radia tion of the heat from the hottest part of the cylinder. The walls of the smaller cylinder mayalso be made rather heavy, so as to increasethe conduction of heatto the larger herein which the greater portion of the generated steam is reduced in temperature while expanding. p

Even if the condenser were omitted, I would obtain twoactuating impulses during every four-stroke cycle, and with the vapor-expansion part of the'engine operating as a condensing engine, I secure'three such impulses during every cycle. Consequently, I not only secure an increased output and a more economical operation from an internal combustion cylinder of a given displacement, but also secure a much more uniform torque. Likewise, since the vace sufiic1ent ,for vaporizing also secure a steadyingefi'ect which is of great importance in, case, the ignition apparatus isnot working perfectly.

However, while I have illustrated and described the engine of my invention as having its internal combustion ortion of the four-stroke cycle type and as aving the overloadnftording liquid supply provided through an extra pair of cams which are normally inoperative, I do not Wish'to be limited to these or other details of the construction and arrangement here disclosed, it being obvious that the same might be varied in many ways without departing from the spirit of my mventionas set forth in the appended claims.

Neither do I wish to be l mited' to the use of water as the" 'vaporlzable liquid, as other liquids' might be employed, such asnaphtha, alcohol, or y i H; I

carbon bisulfid.

I claim as my. invention 1, In an-engin'e, al difi'erentiallyinder, a. single piston member havinghoads 1 mespectiielti'jittmg the-two bores, jmwhafm an mate th or the cylinderby the explosion of,a gaseous mixture therein, and means for injecting a vaporizing liquid into the portion of the cylinder between the two piston heads.

2. In an engine as per claim 1, apiston having its smaller head equipped on both faces with Webs for conveying heat from the explosion to the said head and from the latter to the vaporizable liquid.

3. An engine as per claim 1, in combination with cooperating means for controlling the supply of the said liquid and the supply of the gaseous mixture.

4. An engine as per claim 1, in combination with means responsive to the operative condition of the engine or controlling the for controlling the amount of liquid injected by the pump.

7. In an engine, a differentially bored cylinder, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture therein, means for injecting a vaporizable liquid into the portion of the cylinder between the-two piston heads, and means for utilizing the pressure of the resulting vapor in actuating the piston.

8. In an engine, a difierentially bored cylinder, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous.

mixture therein, and means for spraying a vaporizable liquid against the face of the smaller piston head opposed to the largerpiston head.

9. In an engine, a differentially bored cylinder having the larger bore at its forward end, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston forwardlfy from the small bore of the cylinder by t e explosion of a gaseous mixture n said bore, and means for injecting a vaporizable liquid into the cylinder between the two piston heads while the piston is approximately at the rear end of itsstroke.

'10. In a four-stroke cycle engine, a difierentially bore cylinder having the larger bore at its forward end, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston for- Wardly from the small bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture in' said bore, and means for injecting a vaporiza'ble liquid into the cylinder between the two piston heads while the piston is approximately at the end of the return stroke immediately following the explosively urged 1 forward stroke.

11. In a foui stroke cycle engine as per claim 10, means for also injecting the liquid approximately at the end of the next return stroke of the piston.

12. An engine as per claim 1, in combination with means for utilizing the surplus heat of the vaporized. liquid for preheating the injected liquid.

13. In an engine, a differentially bored cylinder, a single piston member having "heads respectively fitting the two bores,

means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture therein, and means for actuating the piston by the differential action on the piston headsof an expansible vapor generated within the cylinder between the said heads by the direct action of the heat of the piston and cylinder on liquid injected into the cylinder between the said heads.

1 1. In a four-stroke cycle engine, a differentially bored cylinder, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the pistonforwardly from thesmaller bore of the cylinder in four-stroke cyclic manner, and means for actuating the piston from the cylinder space between the piston heads by the expansion of vapor generated direotly by the heat of the engine parts from liquid injected into the said space substantially at 'the end of the return stroke immediately following the explosively urged forward stroke of the piston.

15. In an engine as per claim 13, means for controlling the number of injections of liquid per cycle of operation of the engine.

16. In an engine asper claim 13, means controlled by the operator of the engine for injecting the vaporizableliquid either at the end of alternate return strokes, or at the end of every return stroke of the piston.

17. In an engine, a differentially boredcylinder, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture therein, means for injecting a vaporizable liquid into the portion of the cylinder between the two piston heads, and means for utilizing the pressure of the resulting vapor in actuating the piston, means for and means for utilizing the resulting vacuum in thereafter actuating the piston.

18. In a fourrstroke cycle engine arranged condensing the expanded vapor,

for utilizing heat within t-he engine by expansively working a vapor generated from liquid injected into the engine cylinder, liquid-injecting means comprising a pump, two actuating members adapted respectively to actuate the pump once and twice -during each cycle, and means for shifting the operative connection of the pump from one to the other of the actuating members.

19. An engine as per claim 18, in which the two actuating members respectively comprise a single cam and a pair of opposed cams all fast upon a cam shaft rotatingat half the speed ofthe engine shaft.

20. In an engine, a difierentially bored cylinder, a single piston member having heads respectively fitting the two bores, means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture therein, and means for injecting a vaporizable liquid into the por tion of the cylinder between the two piston heads, means responsive to the operative condition of the en 'ne for controlling the amount of injecte liquid, and separate means for controlling the'frequency of the injections.

21. In a four-stroke cycle engine, means for utilizing heat Within the engine during two strokes other than the explosively urged stroke of the piston, by expansively working a vapor generated from liquid injected into the engine cylinder, and by thereafter condensing the expanded vapor and utilizing the resulting vacuum.

22. In an engine, a differentially bored cylinder, a piston having two heads respectively fitting the two bores of the cylinder, means for actuating the piston from the smaller bore of the cylinder by the explosion of a gaseous mixture therein, means for spraying a vaporizable liquid into the smaller bore and in front of the smaller diametered piston head While the piston. is approxi. mately at the rear end of its stroke, whereby the'said liquid is vaporized by the heat of the piston and of the cylinder wall into an expansible vapor operating differentially on the. two piston heads to urge the piston member forwardly, and means for condensing the expanded vapor substantially at the end of the forward stro e of the piston member,

thereby producing partial vacuum in. the larger bore of the cylinder for acting d fferentlally on the two piston heads to urge the return stroke of the piston.

23. In an engine, a difi'ereutially bored cylinder, 0, single piston member recipro cable. in the cylm r and having two heads respectively fitting the two bores; inlet, exhaust andignition means associated w1th the smaller bore of the cylinder for operat-. ing the'piston" from the latter as the 1 s on of an internhl combustion engine; and means for projecting a vapqrizable liquid into the bination with a condenser connected to exhaust port.

smaller bore of the cylinder while the 'ton is near the rear end ofits stroke; cylinder having an exy the larger diameter of the piston except when. the latter isn t large bore of the haust port overrun the forward end of its stroke.

24:. An engine as per claim 23, in comgine duringthe operation thereof, which consists in converting liquid projected against the inoperative face of thepiston into vapor by the sald heat, and utilizing .the expansive force of the vapor in urging the piston in the same direction in which it was previously moved by the explosionproducing heat in the piston.

27. 'Themethod of utilizing heat stored in the piston. of an internal 'ooi'nbustion engine during the operation thereofl-which consists in. converting liquid projected against the inoperative face of the piston into vapor in urging the piston. in the same direction in which it was previously,rnoved by the explosion producing heat in the piston, thereafter condensing the vapor, and utilizing the resulting partial vacuum in urging the sul isequent return stroke of the piston.

28. The method of utilizing heat stored in the piston of an. internal combustion engine by the explosion of agaseous mixture, which consists in pro ecting liquid against the free substantially at the end of the return stroke thereof, and utilizing; the expansive force of the vapor into Wl? h the liquid is converted by the heat ofthe piston for thereafter urging the piston in the same direction in which it was urged by the said explosion.

29. The method of utilizing heat generated in an internal combustion engine during the operation thereof, which. consists in l no-t mentarily projectingliquidagainst the free face of the piston and the cylinder .walls forwardly of the piston while the latter is approximately at the end of its return stroke, and utilizing the expansive'foree of;

' the resulting vapor in urging thefpistonfor.

-wardly during the succeeding stroke,

30. The method of utilizing heat generated in an internalcombustion engine during the operation thereof which consists in utisaid heat for preheating,

lizing some of the a liquid to a temperature approximating its vaporizing point, projecting the said liquidagainst the forward face of the piston and the inner wall of the cylinder forwardly 105 face of the piston for a relatively short time of the piston while the latter is approximately at-the rear'end of its travel, and utilizing the expansive force of the resulting vapor iii urging the piston forwardly.

31. The method of utilizing heat generated in an internal combustion engine during the operation thereof, which consists in rojecting a spra of liquid transversely o the axis of the cy inder and in front of the piston substantially at the rear-end of the travel of the latter and during a relatively short portion of the stroke of the piston, and utilizing the expansive force of the resulting vapor in ilrglng the piston forwardly.

'32. The method of operating an engine vhaving a differentially bored cylinder and a" correspondin 1y tWo-diametered piston, which consists 1n urging the piston during its forward stroke alternately by the explosion of a gaseous mixture in the smaller bore of the cylinder and by the expansive force of a vapor generated within the cylinder and acting differentially on the two diameters of the piston.

33. The method of operating an engine 1 having a difi'erentially cred-cylinder and a correspondingly tWo-diametered piston,

which consists in urging the pistonduring its forward stroke alternately by the explosion of a gaseous mixture in the smaller bore of the cylinder and by the expansiv" force of a vapor generated within the cylinder and acting diiferentially on the two diameters of the piston, and in urging the piston rearwardly during its charge-compressing HALE V. PARRI SH. 

